HUMANDEVELOPMENT
A. Definition
Development–a progressive series of changes that occur as a result of maturation andexperience
B. TheDevelopmental Changes
Thegoal of developmental changes is to enable people to adapt to the environmentin which they live; achieve through self realization or as it sometimes calledself actualization. Because selfrealization plays an important role in mental health, people who make goodpersonal and social adjustments must have opportunities to express theirinterests and desires in ways that give them satisfaction but at the same time,conform to the accepted standards. Lack of these opportunities will result infrustrations and generally negative attitudes toward people and toward life ingeneral.
C. SignificantFacts About Development
1. Early foundations are critical
2. Rolesof maturation and learning in development
3. Developmentfollows a definite and predictable pattern
4. Allindividuals are different
5. Eachphase of development has characteristicbehavior.
6. Eachphase of development has hazards
7. Developmentis Aided by Stimulation
8. Developmentis Affected by Cultural Changes
9. SocialExpectations for Every Stage of Development
10. TraditionalBelief about People of all Ages
D. Stagesin the Life Span
1. The Prenatal Period:Begins at conception and ends at birth.
Þ Approximately270 to 280 days or nine calendar months
2. Infancy: Birthto the end of second week
Þ Theshortest of all developmental periods
Þ Timeof radical adjustments
Þ Plateauin development
Þ Hazardousperiod
3. Babyhood: Endof second week to end of second year
Þ Truefoundation of age
Þ Ageof rapid growth and change
Þ Ageof decreasing dependency
Þ Ageof increased individuality
Þ Thebeginning of socialization
Þ Appealingage
Þ Beginningof creativity
Þ Hazardousage
4. Early Childhood: twoto six years
Characteristics:
Parents – problem or troublesome age
Educators – preschool age
5. Late Childhood: Sixto ten or twelve years
Characteristics:
Parents – troublesome age/sloppyage/quarrelsome age
Educators – Elementary school age
Psychologists – gang age/age ofconformity
6. Puberty or Preadolescence: Tenor twelve to thirteen or fourteen years
Þ Overlappingperiod
Þ Shortperiod
Þ Dividedinto stages (prepubescent, pubescent and post pubescent stages)
Þ Timeof rapid growth and change
Þ Occursat a variable age
7. Adolescence:Thirteen or fourteen to eighteen years
Þ Animportant period
Þ Atransitional period
Þ Aperiod of change
Þ Aproblem age
Þ Atime of search of identity
Þ Adreaded age
Þ Atime of unrealism
Þ Athreshold of adulthood
8. Early Adulthood:Eighteen to forty years
Þ Reproductiveage
Þ Problemage
Þ Periodof emotional tension
Þ Periodof social isolation
Þ Timeof commitment
Þ Oftena period of dependency
Þ Timeof value change
Þ Timeof adjustment to new lifestyle
Þ Creativeage
9. Middle Age:forty to 60 years
Þ Adreaded period
Þ Atime of transition
Þ Atime of stress
Þ Adangerous age
Þ Anawkward age
Þ Atime of evaluation
Þ Evaluatedby a double standard
Þ Thetime of empty nest
Þ Atime of boredom
10. Old Age or Senescence:sixty years to death
Þ Aperiod of decline
Þ Judgeby different criteria
Þ Thereare many stereotypes of old people
Þ Socialattitudes towards old age
Þ Elderlyhave a minority – group status
Þ Agingrequires role changes
Þ Pooradjustments id characteristics of old age
Þ Thedesire for rejuvenation is widespread in old age
E. TheDevelopmental Tasks
Purposes
1. Servesas guidelines that enable individuals to know what society expects of them atgiven ages.
2. Itmotivates individuals to do what the social group expects them to do at certainages during their lives
3. Itshow individuals what lies ahead and what they will be expected to do when theyreach their next stage development.
DevelopmentalTask during the Life Span
1. Babyhoodand Early Childhood
1.1 Learningto take solid foods
1.2 Learningto walk and talk
1.3 Learningto control the elimination of body waste
1.4 Learningsex differences and sexual modest
1.5 Gettingready to read
1.6 Learningto distinguish right and wrong and beginning to develop a conscience
2. LateChildhood
2.1 Learningphysical skills necessary for ordinary games
2.2 Buildingwholesome attitude toward oneself as a growing organism
2.3 Learningto get along with age-mates
2.4 Beginningto develop appropriate masculine on feminine social roles
2.5 Developingfundamental skills in reading, writing and calculating
2.6 Developingconcepts necessary for everyday living
2.7 Developinga conscience , as sense of morality, and a scale of values
2.8 Developingattitudes toward social groups and institutions
2.9 Achievingpersonal independence
3. Adolescence
3.1 Achievingnew and more mature relations with age-mates or both sexes
3.2 Achievinga masculine of feminine social role
3.3 Acceptingone’s physique and using one’s body effectively
3.4 Desiring,accepting, and achieving socially responsible behavior
3.5 Achievingemotional independence from parents and other adults
3.6 Preparingfor an economic career
3.7 Preparingfor marriage and family life
3.8 Acquiringa set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior-developing anideology
4. EarlyAdulthood
4.1 gettingstarted in an occupation
4.2 Selectinga mate
4.3 Learningto live with a mai
4.4 Startinga family
4.5 Rearingchildren
4.6 Managinga home
4.7 Takingon civic responsibility
4.8 Findinga congenial social group
5. MiddleAge
5.1Achieving adult civic and social responsibility
5.2Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adult
5.3Developing adult leisure-time activities
5.4Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person
5.5Accepting and adjusting to physiological changes of middle age
5.6Reaching and maintaining satisfactory performance in one’s occupation career
57Adjusting to aging parents
6. OldAge
6.1 Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health
6.2 Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
6.3 Adjusting to death of spouse
6.4 Establishing an explicit affiliation with member ofone’s age group
6.5 Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangement
6.6 Adopting to social roles in a flexible way
F. FACTORSINFLUENCING MASTERY OF DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
Handicapsto Mastery
1. Aretarded developmental level
2. Lackof opportunity to learn the developmental tasks or lack of guidance in theirmastery
3. Lackof motivation
4. Poorhealth
5. Physicaldefects
6. Alaw intellectual level
Aidsto Mastery
1. Anormal or accelerated developmental level
2. Opportunitiesto learn the developmental tasks and guidance in mastering them
3. Motivation
4. Goodhealth and the absence
5. Ahigh level of intelligence
6. creativity
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
I.Concepts and Principles of Human Behavior
A. Definition
HumanBehavior- voluntary or involuntary attitude of a person adopts tofit society’s idea of rightand wrong.
B.Viewpoints in the Study of Human Behavior
1. Neurological- emphasizeshuman actions in relation to events taking place inside the body,
especially the brain and the nervous system.
2. Behavioral- focuseson the external activities that can be observed and measured.
3. Cognitive- concernedwith the way the brain processes and transforms information in various
ways.
4. Psychoanalytical- emphasizesunconscious motives stemming from represses sexual and
aggressiveimpulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic- focuseson the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation towards
self- actualization.
C. Factors that Affect Human Behavior
1. Heredity-itis determined by genes. Genes are segments of cell structures calledchromosomes by which parents pass on traits to their offspring.
2. Environment- consistsof the conditions and factors that surround and influence on individual.
3. Learning-is the process by which behavior changes as a result of experience or practice.
D.Motivation of Human Behavior
1.The Needs Theory of Human Motivation
Thistheory states that, throughout the life, desires, wishes and drives,collectively called needs, motive all.When not fulfilled, these needs place the individual under stress and in order to relieve the tensions created, one hasto strive for appropriate satisfactions.
Theseneeds are arranged according to its hierarchy, to wit:
1. Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, air, etc.
2. Safety needs: the need for freedom from threat and danger
3. The Sense of Belonging and Love Needs: the need for affiliation,belongings and acceptance
4. Esteem Needs: the need for achievements, strength, competence,reputation and status or
prestige
5. The Need for Self- Actualization: the need for self fulfillment to realizepotentialities to
become what one iscapable of becoming.
2. The Psychodynamics of Human Motivation
Psychodynamics , which literally meansmotivation to action, define human behavior in terms of the inner personality of theinner self. The concept of subjective life and inner forces within,called “mental personality”. It claimedthat the mind has three levels by which its psychic forces operate, namely: the Id, Ego and Superego.
E. Causes and Conflicts in HumanBehavior
1. Physical Causes
Refers to natural causes, like typhoon, earthquake, fire, flood, storm, etc
2. Social Conflicts
Restrictions of rules in the home, school and community
3. Economic Conflict
Result from one’s inability to acquire material things because of poverty, or other financial obligation
F. TwoBasic Types of Human Behavior
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Type Concept Example
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1. Inherited Behavioralresponse or reflex exhibited by Breathing,ingesting food,
Behavior people due to their geneticendowment or voiding waste,mating and
theprocess of natural selection. Defendingoneself.
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2. Learned Involves cognitive adaptation thatenhances Verbal Communication,
Behavior the human beings ability to cope withchanges Logical problem solvingtechniques,
In the environment andto manipulate the job skills,etc.
Environment in ways toimprove the changes
For service
G. Other types of Behavior
<img><img><img> Types Behavior
1. Habitual Motor,emotional, language
2. <img><img>Instinctive Unlearnedbehavior
3. <img>Symbolic Substitutebehavior
4. Complex Twoor more habitual behavior occur in one situation
H.Causes of Human Behavior
1. Sensation-feeling or impression of stimulus
1.1 Visual- sight
1.2 Olfactory-smell
1.3 Cutaneous-touch
1.4 Auditory-hearing
1.5 Gustatory-taste
2. Perception-knowledge of stimulus
3. Awareness- psychological activity, it is accordance withthe interpretation and experience of objectsof stimulus
I. Attributes of Human Behavior
1. Duration- how long in terms offunctions of time.
2. Extensity- spatialcharacteristics.
3. Intensity- magnitude,disintegrative.
4. Quantity- normal or abnormal,unacceptability.
J.Characteristics of Behavior
1. Primarily native or learned.
2. Evokedby external stimuli or internal need.
3. Automatic,voluntary, conscious motor or intentional.
K. Personality Dimensions that Affect Human Behavior
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Types Characteristics Effect
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1. Extraversion Frequently seek stimulation, excitement Get them in trouble greatest role
Andthrills incrime and delinquency
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2. Neuroticism Intensely react to stress, generallymoody, Enhance habits and influence the
touchy, sensitive toslights and anxious or individual tobehave anti-socially
nervous.
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3. Psychoticism cold cruelty, social insensitivity,disregard Impulse aggressive individualw/
for danger,troublesome behavior, dislike outappreciable conscience or
of others, attractiontowards the unusual concern forothers
FRUSTRATION IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Frustration Defined
Frustration refers to the situation whichblocks the individual’s motivated behavior. Sustained frustration may becharacterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.
Three Basic Forms ofConflict
1. Approach-Avoidance Conflict - Approach can beindicated by a plus sign and avoidance is represented by a minus sign.Approach-avoidance occurs when an <a>individual</a>moves closer to a seemingly desirable object, only to have the potentiallynegative consequences of contacting that object push back against the closingbehavior.
2. Approach-Approach Conflict - This is aconflict resulting from the necessity of choosing between two desirablealternatives. There are usually two desirable thingsare wanted, but only one option can be chosen.
3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - Thisform of conflict involves two undesirable or unattractive alternatives where aperson has to decide of choosing one of the undesirable things. A conflict betweentwo dangers or threats is usually more disturbing. For example, a man maydislike his job intensely but fear the threat of unemployment if he quits.
Manifestation of Frustration
An individual may manifestfrustration by anxiety, irritability, emotional tension, depression or fatigue.The frustrated individuals are usually unhappy or restless. Frustration mayusually starts if a person failed to satisfy his needs or goals in life.Obstacles and difficulties sometimes stand a way in the between the individualand his goal. Some of the reason why some people failed to realize or achievetheir goals is the following:
1. Unrealistic Goals – itcan be seen when a person’s level of aspiration is much higher than his levelof achievement.
2. Harmful or Antisocial Goals – when a person’s desire or intention to reach his goal isharmful to others.
3. Conflicting Goals –when two or more goals of a person rebound to his personal interest and thebenefit of the goal is one sided.
4. Environmental Difficulties – when goals cannot be simply attained due to so manyhindrances within a person.
Coping Mechanism
Copingmechanism is defined as the way people react to frustration. People differin the way they react to frustration. This could be attributed to individualdifferences and the way people prepared in the developmental task they facedduring the early stages of their life.
DevelopmentalTask – refers to the task imposed on the individual by maturation andculture that prepares a person to the next stages of their life.
Frustration Tolerance
The ability to withstand frustration withoutdeveloping inadequate modes of response such as being emotionally depressed orirritated, becoming neurotic, or becoming aggressive.
Some people can manage to withstandprolonged period of frustration without showing any sign of abnormality.However, some may exhibit abnormal behavior.
Afrustration reaction can be broadly classified into fight-flight:
1. Fight – is manifestedby fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means of breakingdown the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.
2. Flight – it can bemanifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.
Reactionsto frustration can also be recognized into different types such as:
1. Direct approach - can be seen amongpeople who handle their problems in a very objective way. They identify firstthe problem, look for the most practical and handy way to solve it, andproceeded with the constructive manner of utilizing the solution which willproduce the best results.
2. Detour - when an individualrealizes that in finding for the right solution of the problem, he always endup with a negative outcome or result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or changedirection first and find out if the solution or remedy is there.
3. Substitution - most of time areresulted to in handling frustration when an original plan intended to solve theproblem did not produce the intended result, thus the most practical way toface the problem, is to look for most possible or alternative means.
4. Withdrawal or retreat- iscorresponding to running away from the problem or flight which to some is thesafest way.
5. Developing feeling ofinferiority -comes when a person is unable to hold on to any solution which gives a positiveresult. Being discourage to go on working for a way to handle a frustrationcould result to diminishing self-confidence, until the time when inferioritycomplex sets in.
6. Aggression - is a negativeoutcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly. Manifestation inphysical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards life bothin the personal and professional aspect.
7. Use of DefenseMechanism –is the most tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a man’s last resultwhen a person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or event.
Defense Mechanism – An unconsciouspsychological process that serves as safety valve that provides relief fromemotional conflict and anxiety. A form of self-deception that a person may notbe aware of. It is often resulted to whenever equilibrium is threatened bysevere emotional injury arising from frustration.
Common Defense Mechanisms
- Displacement - strong emotion, such as anger, is displaced onto another person or object as the recipient of said emotion (anger), rather than being focused on the person or object which originally was the cause of said emotion.
2. Rationalization - isthe defense mechanism that enables individuals to justify their behavior tothemselves and others by making excuses or formulating fictitious, sociallyapproved arguments to convince themselves and others that their behavior islogical and acceptable
3. Compensation - isthe psychological defense mechanism through which people attempt to overcomethe anxiety associated with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in one is ofpersonality or body image, by concentrating on another area where they canexcel.
- Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to the ego or the superego and are projected onto others so that they seem to have these feelings or ideas, which free the individual from the guilt and anxiety associated with them.
- Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the opposite of tendencies that we do not want to recognize. The person is motivated to act in a certain way, but behaves in the opposite way. Consequently, he is able to keep his urges and impulses under control.
6. Denial – when a person uses this,he refuses to recognize and deal with reality because of strong inner needs.
7. Repression – is unconsciousprocess whereby unacceptable urges or painful traumatic experiences arecompletely prevented from entering consciousness.
- Suppression - which is sometimes confused with that of repression, is a conscious activity by which an individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of his mind.
9. Identification - in this defense mechanism, an individual seeks toovercome his own feelings of inadequacy, loneliness, or inferiority by takingon the characteristics of someone who is important to him. An example, is achild who identifies with his parents who are seen as models of intelligence,strength and competence
- Substitution - through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to overcome feelings of frustration and anxiety by achieving alternate goals and gratifications. Unanswered emotions of love, unfulfilled longings, unattainable plans and ambitions, and unacceptable urges and impulses, will create feelings of anxiety and guilt unless some substitute gratification is attained.
- Fantasy - this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious drives do not materialize.
12. Regression – a person reverts toa pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior which was appropriate to an earlierstage of development.
13. Sublimation – isthe process by which instinctual drives which consciously unacceptable arediverted into personally and socially accepted channels. It is a positive andconstructive mechanism for defending against own unacceptable impulses andneeds.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
A. Definitions
Abnormal Behavior is abehavior that fails to meet the characteristics of a normal person such as:
freeexpression of personality; adequate security feeling; efficient contact withreality; adaptability to group norms; emotional maturity; adequate selfknowledge; and Integrated and consistent personality.
Criminal Psychology is a study that deals on criminal behavior.
B. Typesof Abnormal Behavior
1. PERSONALITYDISORDER
It originates duringearly development process leading to maladaptive behavior.
Classification of Personality Disorder
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<img>Classification Characteristics
1. Passive-Aggressive Passive dependent aggressivedue to overindulgence.
2. Hysterical personality disorder Easilyexcitable emotional instability, dramatically
attention getting, immature, with tendencyto sexualize
<img> contacts with opposite sex.
3. Compulsive Personality Disorder Excessive concern forconformity, rigid, maybe intelligent
<img> but trait of characterexplains his undoing.
4. Paranoid Personality Hypersensitive unwarrantedsuspicion, jealousy, envy,
feelings of excessive importance
2. NEUROSES
Neurosesor psychoneuroses are behavioral disorder brought about by emotional tensionresulting from frustration, conflicts, repression or insecurity. Theycompromise with reality by developing imaginary ailments, phobias, obsessions, compulsion, anxiety ordepression.
Factors to be Considered in Understandingthe Causes of Neuroses
1. Predisposingor Constitutional Factors
2. ChildhoodDevelopment Patterns
3. TheImmediate Life Situation
4. TheCultural Factor
Classification of Neuroses According to the Most Striking Symptoms
1. Anxiety Reactions
Principallymanifested in diffused and consciously experience feelings of anxiety andapprehension for which there seem to be no specific basis in reality.
2. Hysteria
Manifested byexperiencing disabilities which include paralysis of the limbs, intenseaches and pains, deafness, blindness, loss of voice, continuous vomiting, heador hand tremors without any pathological basis.
Forms of Hysteria
2.1 Amnesia- adisorder in which the individual cannot recall his or her name and remembers little or nothing about the past.
Typesof Amnesia
a) Anterograde-the inability to retain information which has just been seen or read.
b) Retrograde-the inability to recall any event which took place during certain period oftime.
c) Localized-the inability to recall events which are related to a particular situation.
2.2 Fugue- an amnesia statewhere one wonders away from his or her home or usual surroundings and whenawareness set in, there is no recollection as to how he or she came to bethere.
2.3 Multiple Personality- adramatic form of Hysteria where the patient develops two or more separated andvery different personalities.
2.4 Somnambulism- adreamlike state where the person walks about and carries on certain activitieswhich are not remembered later.
3. Psychastenia
A psychoneurotic conditionaccompanied by a vast range of mental and emotional symptoms which cannot becontrolled. The person is fear-ridden by unreasonable dreads or phobias, obsessionsand compulsion. Other symptoms of Psychastenia are unreasonable elation,constant depression or over inhibition.
Formsof Psychastenia
3.1 Phobias- anirrational or exaggerated fear of an object, person, act or situation.
Characteristics of Phobia
a) Reasons for the fear do not make sense.
b) The fear paralyzes instead of enhances theability to deal with the problem.
c) The fear seems to be caused by the threat ofa discharge of self destructive aggressions.
SomeExamples of Phobias
a) Achluphobia or nyctophobia- fear of dark
b) Acrophobia- fear of high places
c) Aerophobia- fear of flying
d) Agoraphobia- fear of open spaces
e) Ailurophobia- fear of cats
f) Anglophobia- fear of pain
g) Amaxophobia- fear of vehicles and driving
h) Anthophobia- fear of flowers
i) Antrophobia- fear of people
j) Aquaphobia- fear of water
k) Arachnophobia- fear of spiders
l) Astraphobia- fear of thunder, lightning orstorms
m) Cheimophobia- fear of cold
n) Claustrophobia- fear of closed places
o) Gynophobia- fear of dogs
p) Dipsophobia- fear of drinking
q) Ecophobia or Oikophobia - fear of home
r) Electrophobia- fear of electricity
s) Erythrophobia- fear of blushing
t) Gamophobia-fear of marriage
u) Hematophobia- fear of blood
v) Hydrophobia- fear of water
w) Ideaphobia- fear of thoughts
x) Ochlophobia- fear of crowds
y) Ophidiophobia- fear of snakes
z) Ornithophobia- fear of birds
aa) Pathophobia- fear of disease
bb) Phobophobia- fear of developing a phobia
cc) Rypophobia- fear of dirt
dd) Sitophobia- fear of eating
ee) Taphophobia- fear of being buried alive
ff) Thermophobia- fear of heat
gg) Xenophobia- fear of strangers
3.2 Obsession- anidea or series of ideas which recur so frequently that it interferes withnormal thinking.
3.3 Compulsion- anirresistible tendency to perform an act or ritual which the individual feels
tocompelled to carry out even though it it recognized as irrational- he or she mustdo so in order to reduce the tension.
Examples of Compulsion
1. Arithmomania- the impulse to count everything.
2. Dipsomania-the impulse to drink liquor
3. Homicidalmania- the impulse to kill
4. Kleptomania-the impulse to steal
5. Megalomania-the impulse for fame or power
6. Pyromania-the impulse to set things on fire
7. Suicidalmania- the impulse to take one’s life
4. Traumatic Neuroses
Itis manifested in a situation where the individual fears for his or her safety.
5. Operational Fatigue
Otherwise known as war neuroses, itis manifested in response to a battle environment.
3.PSYCHOSES
Seriousmental illness where behavior is unpredictable. Psychotic persons have a whollyunrealistic interpretation of the self and the life around them. Their ego haslost control over the personality. Theyhave great mood swings- extreme depression to extreme exaltation. They are quitand docile at one moment and hyperactive, even violent, the next. They aresocially inept.
Classification of Psychoses
1. Organic/Somatogenic
Stemfrom a wide variety of causes, but damage or injury to the brain or other partsof the central nervous system is always involved.
Types of Organic Psychoses
2.1 Psychosesassociated with infectious disease
2.2 Psychosesassociated with toxins
2.3 Psychosesassociated with head injuries
2.4 Psychosesassociated with old age
Symptoms of Organic Psychoses
a) Impairment of intellectual functions
b) Emotional instability, shown by generalirritability or violent mood swings without apparent cause.
c) Inappropriate behavior and changes in generalconduct, including lack of interest in personal appearance, neglect ofresponsibilities and an anti social behavior.
2. FunctionalPsychosis
Aserious mental disorder involving the total personality with no observable tissue damage. Having no organic basis, theseailments are believed to result from years of living under emotional stress.
Formsof Functional Psychosis
2.1 Schizophrenia-apsychotic condition marked by withdrawal from reality, indifference
concerning everyday problems, andtendency to live in a world of fantasy. It was formerly called dementia praecoxby Emil Kreaplin, a GermanPsychiatrist. The term schizophrenia was given by Eugene Bleuler whichliterally means “splitting of theminds”. It may be simple (withdraws from social contact); hebephrenic (fits of laughter orchildish giggling, grimacing for hours without apparent reasons; catatonic (cycles of psychomotorreactions in stupor); paranoidSchizophrenia (marked by delusions and hallucinations).
2.2 Affective Disorder-characterizedby periods of depression or elation orboth (manic, depressed and mixed)
2.3 Paranoia-main symptom is characterized by suspicion.
Typesof Paranoia
a) PersecutoryParanoia- having delusions of persecution. The person believesthat some persons are plotting to harm him or her in some way.
b) LitigiousParanoia- having delusions of both persecution and grandeur, andmay go to great lengths to bring alleged persecutors to court.
c) EroticParanoia- also called amorous paranoia- having delusions that acertain person is in love with him or her.
d) ExaltedParanoia- having grandiose delusions and believes him/ herself assomeone with great power or importance; usually a religious crusader, a socialreformer, or inventor.
e) JealousParanoia- the most numerous, marked by extreme and irrationaljealousy.
4.ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY
Thisis a mentally- disturbed person who is opposed to the principles upon whichsociety is based.
Characteristics of Anti-Personality
a) A classic manipulator or con artist.
b) One of the most significant characteristicsof this personality is the absence of conscience or any guilt feeling.
c) The person has not incorporate the moralvalues of society into his life.
d) He is often a glib and convincing speaker andpresents himself extremely well.
e) The anti-social personality is selfish andstrives for physical pleasure.
f) Most of his pursuits revolves aroundmanipulating people to acquire personal gains.
g) He is often impulsive and demands immediatelysatisfaction.
h) He is unable to learn from past experiences.
He is also a chronic liar
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