IMPORTANT TERMS TO PONDER

IMPORTANT TERMS TO PONDER:

1. Enforcement – to compel obedience to a law, regulation or command.

2. Policing – is defined in two ways:

Ø To ensure that law and order is maintained in aparticular area or event, using the police or the military force;

Ø To ensure that rules and procedures are followedcorrectly in something or that something is implemented as agreed.

 3. LawEnforcement Agency or Agent – pertains to a person or organizationresponsible for enforcing the laws, especially referring to the so-called “Police Organization”.

4. Law Enforcement Administration – is the process involved inensuring strict compliance, proper obedience of laws and related statutes.

5. Police – is a branch of the Criminal Justice System that has thespecific responsibility of maintaining law and order and combating crime withinthe society.

6. Police Power – is the exercise of the sovereign right of anygovernment to promote order, safety, morals, and the general welfare withinConstitutional limits.

7. Police Administration – focuses on the policing process or howpolice agencies are organized and managed in order to achieve the goals of lawenforcement most effectively, efficiently and productively.

Ø  Police Efficiency – refers to theskillfulness in avoiding wasted time and effort; optimum utilization ofavailable resources. It measures whether or not important task goals are beingattained.

Ø   PoliceEffectiveness – refers to the quality of being able to bring about aneffect or the power to be effective. It measures how well the resources arebeing utilized.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ONPOLICING

The history of the police serviceis as old as organized society. Man has always need protection, first fromanimals, and then from his own kind. His first attempt to protect himself and hisdaily activities involved barricading the entrance to its cave.

Then as mankind multiplied, theygrouped together in small communities and protection developed into a communityaffair. Warfare has always been a part of man’s social history, and since eachcommunity have warriors to carry the task of war, the duties of policeprotection usually involved night patrols of soldiers about the town or city,and major points within the same town or city.

The word “police” originated from the Greekword “Politeia”- meaning governmentof city. It applied to civil officers and not necessarily police man. The Roman changed the word slightly to “Politia”. The French changed the word to “Police”and applied it to that person who actually enforced the law. Thereafter, theEnglish and the Americans borrowed the word intact from the French and used itto describe a law enforcer. The terms which assimilated to the English and TheAmerican language were French in origin. The words “Constable and Patrol” are likewise of French.

THE EARLY POLICING SYSTEMS

The Anglo-Saxon Period

1. Tun Policing System – Tunis the forerunner of the word “town”.Under this system all male residents are required to guard the town and topreserve the peace and order, to protect life and property from harm ordisturbance.

2. Hue and Cry – a system of apprehending a criminal whereby acomplainant goes to the middle of the street and shouts to call all males toassemble. The victim reports his complain to the assembly and gives thewhereabouts of the perpetrator. All male residents would then proceed to locateand apprehend the culprit. When apprehended, trial is conducted giving theculprit a chance to defend himself.

3. The Royal Judge – a person who conducts criminal investigation andgives punishment. Punishment usually fits the crime committed.

4. Trial by Ordeal – a system of determining guilt and innocence inthe ancient times, which was based on painful test of skills. It is usuallyaccompanied by harsh punishment. For instance, suspects were required to placetheir hands in boiling oil or water. When not hurt, suspect should beacquitted, when hurt, it indicated guilt and the suspect placed underpunishment.

5. The Bow Street Runners – In 1748, Henry Fielding became the ChiefMagistrate at Bow Street in Middlesex, London. He organized agroup of men known as Bow Street Runners – whose task was to run errands forthe Bow Street Court. He laterformed the Bow Street Horse Patrolwhose duty was to patrol the main roads thus secure the travelers fromhighwaymen or highway bandits. According to some books, the Bow Street Runnerswas the first organized foot patrol and Bow Street Horse Patrol was the firstmounted police on patrol.

Modern Policing System

This period came to the limelightwhen a bill Metropolitan Police Actcreating a Metropolitan Police Force was passed by the parliament of England. This police force was latercalled Scotland Yard which is viewedby some historians as the first organized police form. It was sponsored andexpanded by Sir Robert Peel who wasmade to be the first head of the police organization. He was referred as the Father of Modern Policing System due tohis contributions in the modernization of the police force.

The following are principles wereconsidered in organizing and administering the Scotland Yard known as the Peel’sPrinciples:

1. Stable and effective policeforce should be under government control.

2. Absence of crime is the bestproof of efficiency.

3. Fast distribution of news tothe people is essential.

4. Proper distribution ofpersonnel according to shift and by hour.

5. The best qualification ofpeace officers is control of temper.

6. Proper selection and trainingis the basis of efficiency.

7. Police cannot functionproperly without wholehearted support of the people.

8. Every police must sell himselfto the people.

9. Police officers must go out oftheir way to help or assist the people.

First Police Organization (headedby Louis-Marie Debelleme) – intruth, the French were the first to established a group of uniformed policeofficers tasked to patrol the city of Paris. This police force was called “Sergent de Ville” (servant of the city)which was organized six months earlier before the creation of the MetropolitanPolice Force of London.

What is PATROL?

It is the most vital component ofpolice work. In fact, in organizing the police organization, patrol isconsidered the skeletal foundation. It is the backbone of a police department.However, making it simpler, patrol may refer to the regular tour made by aguard in a place in order to protect it or to maintain order. It could alsomean a person or a group (such as police or military unit) sent to carry out atour of duty in a certain place with a particular mission either forreconnaissance purposes or simply to provide protection

Patrol – may also simplymean the concept of a person traveling around a defined jurisdiction, observingthe situation and maintaining the safety and security of people and property.

As a patrol officer, you’ll bedoing the most difficult, demanding and dangerous job in all of lawenforcement. You’re there on the frontline, breaking up fights and makingarrests, and at the greatest risk of being sued and generating citizen’scomplaints.

Regardless of how your agencyoperates to the general public it’s you, the patrol officer, who represents thelaw enforcement and the presence of the government. When a citizen is hurt or Ineed of assistance, he is looking for a uniformed patrol officer to come to hisaid. That’s you!

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

CODE – any system of rulesor principles. The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics is a basic system of ethicalrules for police officers.

ETHICS – the principles ofconduct dealing with what is right and wrong, and with moral duty andobligation. The rules in the Code of Ethics describe the moral duties andobligations of police officers.

INTEGRITY – this isclosely related to honesty, integrity is the firm and incorruptible adherenceto a code of moral values.

MORALS – the judgments wemake relating to societal principles of right and wrong behavior.

OATH – a formal and solemncommitment usually asking God and others to witness that you sincerely intendto do what you say and promising that what you say is the absolute truth. Whena police officer swears to The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics, he promises thathe intends to follow and obey these rules and asks God and others to witnessand hold him accountable to that promise.

PRINCIPLES – a rule orcode of conduct. The Code of Ethics are the basic rules that every policeofficer must follow and a system of rules that must control your behavior bothon-duty and off-duty.

VALUES – a principle orquality that is intrinsically desirable. These are the priorities that anindividual gives to the elements in his life and career based on his ethics,morality and integrity.

THE IMPORTANCE OF APROFESSIONAL ATTITUDE

You must have the right attitude,giving your best effort each and everyday.

Police Humor

Having the right attitudeincludes remembering your place in the order of your organization. Most policeofficers have a great sense of humor (although sometimes a bit bizarre). Youwill observe the police officers playing jokes and seeming to have a lot offun. You’ll see a lot of humor in the irreverent way they deal with themselves,their partners, and often with their supervisors. Remember your place! Treatthe other officers and their supervisors with proper respect at all times, anddemonstrate your support for your superiors and their positions. There is a verythin line between the typical station-house humor and outright insubordination,and it’s a bit early in your career to find yourself on the wrong side of thatline.

The Survival Attitude

Last of all, but most important,you must have the right attitude about officer survival. Death would definitelyinterfere with your career plans and limit any future advancement. It would bea great waste of time and effort on your part, and on behalf of your agency, ifyou got yourself killed. You have to be totally committed to coming home everynight and equally committed making sure your partner comes home as well. Youneed to have a survival mentality, knowing that whatever you face, whateverhappens to you, no matter how badly you are hurt or injured, you will survive!

Etymology of the Term Patrol

The word “patrol” – originated directly or via German Patrolla from the French Patrouller (patroullier) – which originally means “to walk through mud in a military camp”.

ROLE OF POLICE PATROL

The primary law enforcement bodyof the state is the police. It is the first component of the Criminal JusticeSystem in the Philippine setting and is responsible in performing thesefundamental functions:

1. Prevention of Crime andRepression of criminal activities

2. Preservation of Peace andOrder

3. Protection of life andproperty

4. Enforcement of laws andordinances and regulation of non-criminal conduct

5. Investigation of crimes

6. Apprehension of criminals

7. Safeguarding of citizensrights and public morals

Police functions can begeneralized into two categories:

Ø  LawEnforcement

Ø  Peaceand Order Maintenance

Law Enforcement embraces crimeprevention and control including customary police functions.

Peace and Order Maintenancecovers the peace keeping role and community-oriented services (communityservice role). It has no law enforcement implications.

                “To Serve and Protect” – the bottomline of police work. Basically, that’s the job of a patrol officer.

Why is it that the citizensusually call first the police when a social problem occurs?

Traditionally speaking, these arethe reasons: Because the police are constantly available when needed;dependable when called upon; and capable of providing advice to decide orsettle interpersonal conflicts. Thus, there are two broad duties of policeofficers while on patrol.

1. Provide public protectionthrough:

Ø  Preventiveenforcement - progressive and continuous patrolling

Ø  Selectiveenforcement – research and investigation

2. Render social services

Ø Information services

Ø Police Escort

Ø Assisting other agencies

Ø Serving court notices (warrants)

PATROL AND POLICE DISCRETION

Police Discretion– refers to the wise use of one’s judgment based on personal experience andcommon sense to decide in a particular situation.

Police Officers, especially those on patrol, must developedthe positive side of split-second decision-making. When a patrol officercontrols a situation, he must immediately decide – that his decision must notonly be on time but at its best. It is ironic that an officer on patrol makesmore decisions and exercise broader discretion regarding the people lifeeveryday than a judge who normally decides one or two cases in a day. Notefurther that no law, no book, no lawyer, no judge can instruct a police officeron the beat regarding the proper exercise of discretion.

What is the Importance of PolicePatrol?

The following are the specificpoints that justify the importance of Police Patrol:

Ø Patrol is the essence of Police Operations

Ø The patrol group is the single largest unit inthe police organization

Ø Actions taken by the patrol officer have themost direct impact on the citizen’s satisfaction and on the accomplishments ofpolice goals and objectives

Ø Patrol operation is the most visible form ofactivity that enhances the welfare and security of the community

Ø Individual patrol officer represents the policedepartment in its contact with the community

Ø Individual patrol officer plays a major role indetermining the quality of justice in a given community. Errors made by thepatrol officers have significant negative effect in the public’s perception onthe police and on the other components of the Criminal Justice System

Ø The patrol officer is the most important humanelement of the police organization since all police field operations are supportedby the patrol activity.

What are the Patrol Functions?

Ø Protection of persons and properties

Ø Preservation of peace and order

Ø Prevention of crimes

Ø Suppression of criminal activities

Ø Apprehension of criminals

Ø Enforcement of laws and ordinances

Ø Regulation of criminal conduct

Ø Performing necessary service and inspections

What is the Concept of Crime Prevention and CrimeSuppression?

Crime Prevention– involves the suppression of the desire of potential criminals to commitcrimes.

Crime Suppression– involves the elimination of the opportunity of criminals to perform actsagainst the law.

Manning Level of Patrol Force

Ideally for the Philippinesetting, the “rule of thumb”regarding the manning level of the police is provided under Sec. 27 of R.A.6975. The standard manning level is 1:500 in rural areas (1 police officer forevery 500 residents), 1:1000 in urban areas (1 police officer for every 1000residents).

Deployment of Patrol Force

A choice of patrol method must bebased on:

Ø The purpose of the patrol

Ø The conditions under which it is to be provided

Factors that determine Patrol Deployment

1. Resident and transientpopulations in the business and tourist districts and the university belts.Some areas may double its population in day time because of the transientswhile some may be virtually empty during working hours on weekdays.

2. Numbers and types of crimesand arrests

3. Locations of crimes and arrest

4. Traffic accident statisticsand pattern. Location of accident prone areas and frequent incidents or hazardsrequiring concentrated police coverage such as sports arenas, stadium, popularnight spots, bars, theatres, transportation terminal or other places wherepeople usually gather.

5. Disproportionateconcentrations of population, such as widely separated single-family residentsversus the heavily concentrated dwellings in the depressed areas.

6. Socio-economic factors. Peoplefrom the higher-income groups tend to stay away from home more often thanlow-income groups who have no choice but to stay at home.

7. Zoning plan of the city(relative locations of business, industrial, residential and other types ofzoning). By their nature, certain types of places call for higher volumes ofpolice services.

8. Size of jurisdiction and shape

9. Geography and Topography

10. Location, sizes, and accessto parks and recreational facilities.

11. Age, male-female, andmarried-unmarried ratios of the population.

12. Homogeneity and /or mixtureof various ethnic-cultural populations.

13. Modes of transportation andlocation of transportation terminals.

14. Number and qualification ofofficers available for field duties.

15. Amount of trust andconfidence of the people to the police, which may influence the frequency andtypes of calls for police service.

PATROL THEORIES AND METHODS

a. Theories of Patrol

Ø  Theoryof Police Omnipresence – high police visibility discourages criminals.Normally, criminals think twice before executing their plans if there isobvious presence of police officers. Thus, patrol activity should be carried ina manner that attracts maximum attention to the police officer or policevehicles. This theory applies the principle of overt operation or high policevisibility.

Ø  LowProfile Theory – low police visibility increases the opportunity toapprehend criminals. Deceptive absence of the police officers will letcriminals believe that they will not be detected or caught if they executecrimes that they plan. In this theory, the objective is to attract as littleattention as possible while on the process of patrolling. The officers shouldoperate in a manner that it would be difficult for either criminals or thepublic to determine that the police are around. The principle of covertoperation is integrated in this theory.

b. Patrol Methods

Beat patrol

a. Foot patrol

b. Bicycle patrol

Sector Patrol (Motorized patrol)

a. Automobile patrol

b. Motorcycle patrol

c. Aircraft patrol (Helicopterand fixed wing)

Specialized Patrol

a. Horse (Mounted) Patrol

b. Marine (Water) Patrol

c. Canine (K-9) Assisted Patrol

d. Special Terrain Patrol

FOOT PATROL

Foot patrol is restricted to small areas and is used to deal withspecial situations while maintaining radio compact with officers in patrolcars. It is used to secure two types of police geographical units:

Ø Post– a fixed location where an officer is assigned for guard duty.

Ø Beat– the area specifically assigned for patrol purposes.

Fixed foot patrol – is usually used for traffic, surveillance,parades, and special events.

Line Beat Patrol – is used in securing a certain portion of a roador street. Random foot patrol is used in checking residential buildings,business establishment, dark alleys, and parking lots.

WHAT ARE THE FACTORS TO BECONSIDERED IN DETERMINING THE SIZE OF THE BEAT?

1. Area to be patrolled

2. Man-made and Natural barriers

3. Number of men to patrol thearea

4. Type of patrol to be used

WHAT ARE THE FACTORS TO BECONSIDERED IN DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF MEN TO BE DEPLOYED?

1. Size or Area to be patrolled

2. Topography (Physicalcharacteristics or terrain of the area)

3. Crime rate

4. Possible problems to beencountered on the beat

WHAT ARE THE BASIC TECHNIQUES ANDPROCEDURES OF FOOT PATROL?

1. Do not establish a set ofpattern of patrolling procedure.

Ø  Ifyou patrol your beat along certain streets and make regular stops at specifictimes and locations, criminals will learn your habits and take steps to avoid.

Ø  Turncorners as often as possible to avoid being followed.

Ø  Refrainfrom taking meal or coffee breaks at the same time and place during your shift.

Ø  Reversethe direction of your patrol route, often and at random.

Ø  Cutthrough lanes and alleys.

2. Walk systematically (withpurpose) on the beat while on patrol.

Ø  Pauseoften during your patrol and look around you.

Ø  Ifyou are not paying attention to your surroundings, you are not patrolling butyou’re strolling.

3. Do not smoke nor drink whileon patrol during night or day shift.

4. Walk near the curve duringdaylight. This technique offers:

Ø  Abetter view for observing street activity;

Ø  Lesschance of obstruction by pedestrians on the side walk if you are to take quickaction;

Ø  Higherpolice visibility, which is effective in crime prevention.

5. Walk near the buildings duringnight patrol.

Ø  Checkthe window glass of street level stores or offices for cracks or broken glass.

Ø  Avoidlooking backwards, unless necessary. Use the reflection in store windows to seeyour back.

Ø  Movediscreetly to avoid tipping off burglars or muggers.

Ø  Pausefrequently in shadows to observe without being seen.

Ø  Useconvenient light to check doors in case of forcible entry.

6. Do not immediately open the door when intending to getinside. Observe and evaluate first the situation.

7. Check the interiors of buildings and rattle door knobs toensure that premises are secured.

8. Enter and inspect alleys when not by public.

9. Watch for persons loitering or hiding in doorways, eitheringress or egress.

10. Use fire escapes to inspect building rooftops once in awhile.

11. Be attentive or on alert for the sound of breaking glassor any unusual noise they may be caused by criminal activity.

ADVANTAGES OF FOOT PATROL

1. Greater personal contact with the public leading to increase community support for the police. Police becomes closer to the community residents.
2.   Greater opportunity to develop sources of information.
3. High police visibility. Regular police presence discourages criminals and provides greater sense of security to storekeepers, females and elderly persons.
4. Places not accessible by motor vehicle are reached and patrolled. Patrol officers can enter small alleys and side streets.
5. Easier detection of criminal activities. Foot patrol provides closer observation of the environment and the circumstance that may require immediate police attention.
6. Easy discovery and familiarization on the layout of the beat. In-depth knowledge of the character and problems of the patrol area.

DISADVANTAGES OF FOOT PATROL

1. Low mobility resulting to limited coverage of the patrol area.
2. Low response time to telephone complaints.
3. Foot patrol method involves a large number of personnel, since officers are assigned on small areas of jurisdiction called posts and beats.

AUTOMOBILE PATROL

The Automobile Patrol has the greatest mobility andflexibility. Most experts on patrol operations agree that it is mostcost-effective method of patrol.

GENERAL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES IN AUTOMOBILE PATROL

1. Thoroughly check the patrolcar before leaving the garage. Know your BLOWAG.

2. Do not establish routepatterns in patrolling the area of jurisdiction. Recommended patrol patterns:

Ø  Clockwise pattern – usually done duringthe first hour of patrolling.

Ø  Zigzag or free-willing pattern – start atone corner of the patrol area and work your way diagonally across to theopposite corner.

Ø  Criss-cross pattern – this is more orless similar to zigzagging.

Ø  Straightway pattern – the easiest toobserve because as the name implies, the patrol officer just follow the lengthof the street.

3. Do not develop the habit of using only the main road inyour area. Most criminal activity occurs at the backstreets, out of sight fromthe main thorough fares.

4. Do not spend too much time in drive-inns or coffee spots.

5. Always take note (jut down) the plate numbers of strangeor suspicious vehicles.

6. Get out from the patrol car regularly or frequently to bevisible and accessible to the public and develop personal contacts in theneighborhood.

Ø  Cloverleaf pattern – a highwayintersection designed so as to route traffic without interference, by means ofsystem of curbing ramps from one level to another, in the form of a 4-leafclover.

Ø  Counter-clockwise pattern – usuallydone before the tour of patrol duty ends.

7. Set an example to othermotorists

Ø  Observe/obeyall traffic laws for both safety and public relation reasons, unless you are inroute to an emergency or while on pursuit.

Ø  Alwayspark the patrol car in the legal way.

Ø  Useseatbelts or shoulder straps and other safety devices.

Ø  Usethe proper traffic signal lights and hand signals.

8. Avoid driving too fast ongeneral patrol conditions except during emergencies or in pursuing somecriminals/suspects. Maintain a cruising speed of 20-25 mph during patrol. Thisis slow enough to make detailed observations without impending the traffic law.

9. Maintain frequent contact withthe radio dispatcher or other communication personnel in the field or at theheadquarters.

10. Minimize hiding behind hills,curves or signboards to trap traffic violators. This is bad public relationsand serves to erode community or public confidence in the police sense of fairplay.

11. Frequently check thepotential trouble spots in your patrol area.

12. Stop periodically amongparked cars at the entrance side streets to observe activity on the streets.

13. Check the occupants ofvehicles that stop beside and behind you at intersections.

14. Regularly check parking lotsfor abandoned stolen vehicles.

15. In stopping and checking avehicle, park at the rear side of the suspect’s vehicle. Leave the doorslightly open unless the area is highly populated.

16. Do not leave the key in thepatrol car especially if the place is in a high-crime or congested area.

ADVANTAGES OF AUTO MOBILEPATROL

1. High mobility allowing coverage of greater area.
2. Quicker response time to complaints. Greater efficiency in responding to emergency calls and other called-for services.
3. More economical as compared to foot patrol.
4. Enable more effective street pursuit of offender.
5. Enable more effective traffic enforcer.
6. Provide an element of surprise, especially when crime is in progress.
7. Provide the officer with necessary protection during inclement weather.
8. Enable officers to carry supplementary equipment essential in patrolling.

DISADVANTAGES OF AUTO MOBILEPATROL

1. Diminished personal contact with the public.
2. Little opportunity to develop sources of information.
3. Marked police vehicle hampers apprehension and surveillance operations.

BICYCLE PATROL

This is growing in popularitybecause of easy operation and its acceptance by the public, particularlychildren who view them as a non-threatening form of patrol. Bicycles are nowused in many countries as a simple and inexpensive means of silenttransportation to carry police officers throughout their patrol districts.Often, bicycles are used in parks and on beaches and have many of the sameadvantages and disadvantages as motorcycles.

ADVANTAGES OF BICYCLE PATROL

1. Lower-cost (inexpensive) tooperate as compared to motorcycle and automobiles.

2. Areas not accessible by patrolcars or are too wide for foot patrol can be covered by bicycle.

3. Increased mobility and stealthsince bicycle can be operated quietly and without attracting too muchattention. 

MOTORCYCLE PATROL

ADVANTAGES OF MOTORCYCLE PATROL

1. Speed and maneuverability
2. Greater access to some areas and are better suited to heavy traffic, narrow alleys and rugged terrain.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Costly to operate.
2. Hazardous to the driver.
3. Inoperative during inclement weather when the police should be most active in the enforcement of traffic regulations or readily available for special escort duties.
4. It is tiring for the driver and has no capacity to transport prisoners, other personnel or equipment.

HORSE PATROL

ADVANTAGE OF HORSE PATROL

Ø It covers large areas or similar places whereautomobiles cannot go or may be forbidden. Mobile cars cannot be expected to goto race on grassy fields or wooded areas but horses can.

DISADVANTAGE

Ø Expensive in its maintenance.

AIRCRAFT PATROL

ADVANTAGE OF FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT PATROL

Ø Patrolling long stretches of highway or expensesof inaccessible land.

Ø Excellent for traffic control in long stretchesof highways, for search and surveillance and other special mission.

DISADVANTAGES

Ø It has very little flexibility in congestedmetropolitan areas.

Ø Needs a span of flat land for lift-off andlanding.

Ø Very expensive to operate.

ADVANTAGES OF HELICOPTERPATROL

1. Able to travel at low speed, to hover if necessary and to land even in small patch of flat land.
2. Increased visual range/scope.
3. More efficient for rescue, medical evacuation, surveillance, and other high profile police activities.
4. Improved response time to emergency call and other called-for service.
5. Increased rate of apprehension of professional and organized crime groups.
6. Improved efficiency of regular patrol units through airborne reconnaissance.
7. Increased ability in conducting searches for missing or lost people.
8. Provide a better system of flood lighting areas to be patrolled at night.
9. Capable of broadcasting information to a large area through airborne speakers.
10. Provide rapid emergency transportation of personnel
11. Added security to patrol officers on foot, motorcycles, or in patrol cars through back-up offered by aerial patrol.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Very expensive – high cost of training of pilots, fuel and special facilities for housing and maintenance.
2. Public complaints about the noise and about being spied upon.
3. Forcibly grounded during bad weather.
4. Element of surprise is lost since criminals could hear the helicopter coming even from a greater distance.

MARINE PATROL

Ø This is extremely used in areas with extensivecoasts or a great deal of lake or river traffic.

DISADVANTAGE

Ø Expensive to operate and maintain.

CANINE (K-9) ASSISTED PATROL

ADVANTAGE

Ø It provides great assistance in search andrescue as well as in smelling out drugs and bombs.

DISADVANTAGES

Ø Most police dogs work with only one handler

Ø They are territorial

Ø Dog training is expensive

WORKING THE STREET

Preparation for Duty – the patrol officers’ job starts even beforethey are in the AOR because they need to prepare the following that arenecessary in the performance of their routines.

A. Equipment check

1. Police uniform

2. Weapons

3. Watch

4. Money

5. Flashlight, spare battery andbulbs

6. Notebook or tickler

7. List of stolen and wantedvehicles

8. Handheld radio and otherequipment as required

B. Information Check – Prior to actual patrolling the policeofficer should:

1. Secure and review descriptions of missing and wanted persons.
2. Arrange any follow-up work from previous shifts.
3. Check with the officer being relieved for any problems requiring your attention during the shift.
4. Check patrol area log for problem areas requiring extra surveillance.

C. Vehicle Check – in case of patrol officers assigned on mobilecars:

1. Check the inside of your patrol car, paying particular attention to the rear seat.
2. Record the condition of your vehicle’s interior in your notebook for possible latter use as evidence.

3. Check your vehicles siren, roof light, radio and otherequipment to ensure that they are in proper working order. Note any damage ormechanical problems.

COVERING THE PATROL AREA

Attitude

Ø Always present an alert, businesslike, anddisciplined appearance while on patrol – speak and span.

Ø Do not loiter on the street, business places, orin parked cars. Do not engage in a lengthy, idle conversation.

Ø Report to your dispatcher or supervisor ASAPwhenever you are required to leave your patrol area on unassigned duties.

Communications

Ø Your message must be clear and to the point.

Ø Use the telephone for lengthy, detailed orhighly confidential exchanges of information.

Ø Learn the locations of all the operative paytelephones in your patrol area.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Ø Develop contact in your patrol area by adoptinga friendly, approachable attitude. Be helpful and grant reasonable requestswhenever possible.

Ø Your contacts can save your life.

ü  Ifthey know you, they will tend to watch out for you.

ü  Theymay warn you if a dangerous individual is in the neighborhood.

ü  Theyay come to your aid in a physical conflict in which you are outmatched.

WHAT IS THE SO-CALLED “STREET KNOWLEDGE”?

Ø A thorough geographic knowledge of the patrolarea.

Ø An understanding of the character, fears,concerns, problems and attitudes of the local residence.

FAMILIARIZATION OF THE PATROLAREA

Ø Study the local map to develop a broadunderstanding to the layout of your patrol area.

Ø Regularly examine crime reports to determine:

ü Neighborhood crime pattern

ü Areas reporting a high number of robberies orburglaries

ü Areas where violent domestic conflicts occur

ü Likely sites for gang fights

ü Locations of gang clubhouses and meeting places

Ø Develop personal contact

Ø Seek other informations from fellow officers

POTENTIAL TROUBLE SPOTS

1. Public parks and playgrounds
2. Bars and taverns
3. Theatres and drive-inn restaurants

OBSERVATION SKILLS

1. Description of persons

a. During your patrol, frequentlyexamine pedestrians who walk past you and mentally record their appearance,including estimated height and weight, hair color, color facial features, etc.

b. Double back and determine howclose your mental record is to the subject’s true appearance.

2. Discuss with other officerswhat events or characteristics arouse their suspicious about specific situationor persons.

3. Interview persons in custody.

a. Ask about their methods ofoperation

b. Encourage them to brag aboutthe methods they used to elude police in the past.

4. Study a book on memory improvementto learn techniques which will assist you in recalling detailed observations.

CHECKING SUSPICIOUS SITUATIONS

Warning Signs

1. Vehicles parked improperly or with the motor running outside banks, store or other business premises. They could be getaway cars for crimes in progress.
2. Stacked boxes or ladders placed against the side or rear of buildings.
3. Banks or stores where people are seen entering, but not leaving. This could indicate a holdup or hostage situation.
4. Parked vehicles in which persons are apparently sleeping. These subjects may be look-outs, missing or wanted persons seeking shelter, or they may be attempting suicide.
5. Any other activity or situations which do not reflect normal behavior or routine activity.

“Gut Feelings”

1. Do not ignore your so-called “gut feelings”
2. Hunches are often important messages or warnings, which are based upon information or experiences recorded in your subconscious mind.
3. Although they may not seem logical, your hunches will often prove to be correct. They should be acted upon-with discretion-in appropriate circumstances.

Check on Public Hazards

1. Vacant buildings which juveniles may use as a playground.
2. Open manholes particularly at construction sites where deep water has accumulated.
3. Construction sites
4. Defective roadways, street lights or sidewalks
5. Sagging electrical cable wires
6. Broken water pipes (can cause a roadway to sink)
7. Any object or situation which may present hazard to children

PATROL MANAGEMENT

1. Reactive Patrol – it is the oldest system of police patrol activitywhich consists of continuously driving around the area of patrol waiting forsomething to happen and to react accordingly in case something does happen.

2. Proactive Patrol – is preventive in nature. It is the moreeconomical alternative patrol system, which has an objective approach againstcriminality as much as practicable. It addresses crime at its very root beforeit develops into a felonious act.

3. Participative Law Enforcement – is a system where citizenry and thepolice work together to reduce crime, prevent juvenile delinquency and criminalbehavior, maintain the peace and reduce local problems which are the mutualresponsibility of the police and the people.

4. Police Omnipresence – it is a crime repression activity of thepolice which is accomplished by making their presence known is such a way thateven if they are no longer present in a certain location, would-be criminalswould still have the impression that they are still around and would thereforerefrain from committing a crime.

5. COPS – the acronym COPS refers to the Community Oriented PolicingSystem. It is the deploying of policemen in police blocks to provide police andpublic safety services. It also involves the breaking down of large andimpersonal police departments into small units to create a series ofmini-police precincts which are responsive to smaller communities.

6. Community Policing – is a philosophy, management style andorganizational strategy that promotes proactive problem-solving andpolice-community partnerships to address the causes of crime and fear as wellas other community issues.

7. Community Partnership – is a flexible term referring to anycombination of neighborhood residents, schools, churches, businesses,community-based organizations, elected officials and government agencies whoare working cooperatively with the police to resolve identified problems thatimpact or interest them.

8. Problem Solving – refers to the process of identifyingproblems/priorities through coordinated community/police needs assessment;collecting and analyzing information concerning the problem in a thorough,though not necessarily complicated manner; developing or facilitating responsesthat are innovative and tailor-made with the best potential for eliminating orreducing the problem; and finally, evaluating the response to determine theeffectiveness and modifying it as necessary.

What are the Objectives of thePNP’s New COPS?

1. To enhance police visibility in order to reach out to the community.
2. To improve police community relation to gain public acceptance, build mutual respect and trust and promote cooperation.
3. To attend sustained and integrated police-community participation in crime prevention and suppression.

What is the so-called “HouseVisitation”?

Ø It is a function of NCOBs where police officerson patrol visit every house and workplace to offer crime prevention advice andto organize the neighborhood crime watch groups.

What is the so-called “StreetQuestioning” method?

Ø It is a method whereby police officers on patrolmay interview within the bounds of the law suspicious personalities at randomin order to serve as deterrence to those who intend to commit a crime.

What are the social services of the PNP?

1. Midwife duties for childbirth
2. Render first aid to accident victims.
3. Get relief assistance to disaster victims
4. Mediate in family quarrels
5. Delivery of death

Concept of “Team Policing”

Ø It is a grass root approach undertaken to bringthe people and the police together in a cooperative situation. Itsdistinguishing feature is the establishments of neighborhood crime watch groupsto encourage the people to report crimes and to assume greater interest andresponsibility in crime prevention and suppression.

What is Patrol Hazard?

Ø This is a term used frequently to describe aspecific condition or place that requires a patrol officer’s special attention.

What is the purpose of theDistrict Orientation Tour in preparing for patrol?

Ø Its purpose is to familiarize a police officerabout the patterns and characteristics of his patrol area before he conductsactual patrol.

What are the primary lineunits concerned with the accomplishment of the police operational tasks?

Ø The primary line units in the police includepatrol, investigation, traffic, vice and juvenile patrol.

Types of call responses by thepolice patrol

ROUTINE CALL - under this category, the mobile car is required toobserve all traffic laws and rules and does not normally use its flashinglights and siren while on its way to the scene. This includes when the policeresponds to:

Ø Provide police car transportation

Ø Obtain reports about offenses discovered afterthe criminal has left and which does not involve injury.

Ø Obtain information the nature of which is notgiven.

Ø Investigate apparently abandoned vehicles.

Ø Obtain damage reports.

Ø Provide additional traffic control anddirection.

URGENT CALL – this is similar to the routine call, which alsorequires the responding police car to observe all traffic rules and does notuse its flashing lights or siren. However, it proceeds directly to its destinationand does not stop unless an incident of far more serious nature occurs. Thisincludes when the police responds to investigate:

Ø Trouble of unknown nature

Ø Shoplifter complaint

Ø Vehicular accidents in which there no physicalinjuries

Ø Prowler complaints

Ø Lost children complaints

Ø Report of mob activities

Ø Reports of domestic conflicts

EMERGENCY CALL – in most cases, this category requires the use ofthe flashing light and fluctuating siren although there are exceptions, whichinclude the attempt to surprise criminals in the act. It is permissible in thiscase for the responding police car to violate traffic laws provided thatextreme care is exercised while driving at high speed. This includes when thepolice responds to:

Ø Investigate a crime in progress

Ø Investigate a traffic accident in which peopleare injured

Ø Rescue or assist another patroller in trouble

Ø Aids an injured person

Ø Pursue or apprehend suspected criminal/s

Ø Assist in firefighting

Ø Stop an ongoing fight

What are the two schools ofthoughts regarding the best means of approaching any scene where a crime isbelieved to be in progress?

Ø First is to approach the scene with lights andsiren flashing and to pull on directly at the scene of the reported crime. Theidea here is to frighten the criminal in order to prevent him from completinghis criminal act. Second is to approach the crime scene as inconspicuously aspossible in order to use the advantage of surprise in apprehending the criminalor preventing his escape.

What are the factors to beconsidered by the patroller in choosing the manner by which an approach to acrime in progress is to be made?

Ø These are the factors of: time and day;condition of traffic; possibility of ongoing physical assault; and theneighborhood characteristics.

How Police Visibility isattained?

Police visibility can be done inthree (3) ways: physical presence by being visible as police and easy to locatepolice units; patrolling scheme through mobile, integrated, and widespread,supportive, and redundant coverage; and response which should be proper,adequate and timely (ideal is 5minutes response time).

Further, the Police VisibilityProgram of the PNP can be accomplished thru the use of the Integrated PatrolSystem (PNP-IPS). The PNP-IPS has the following features:

Ø Pre-emptive

Ø Widespread and Forward Deployment

Ø Force Mixture (complementary & supportive)

Ø Cross checking of Deployment

Ø Force Multiplier

Ø Support the COPS

9 RULES IN STOPPING VEHICLES

1. During daytime, select the widest portion of the road where to stop motorists.
2. Signal the motorist to pull closer to the right side of the curb with the patrol car parked behind the violators’ vehicles.
3. Observe flow of traffic coming from behind before opening the door and alighting from the patrol car.
4. In issuing a citation, occupy the right side of the vehicle using the hood to accomplish the citation.
5. At nighttime, select a well-lighted place to stop a motorist.
6. Never stand to do anything in front of a stopped vehicle with its engine running and its driver is still at the steering wheel or is still inside the vehicle.
7. Never stand on the way of the door of the stopped vehicle if you are ordering a suspicious driver to get out of the vehicle.
8. Never allow a person being interrogated to stand on the firearm side.
9. Never allow an apprehended suspect to sit inside the patrol car on the side where the police officers firearm is tucked.

PURSUIT DRIVING TECHNIQUES

1. Pick the location of your stop. Wait to try to pull over the suspect’s vehicle until you have the maximum advantage.
2. Wait for as much back-up as possible. One of the biggest mistakes that officers commit in attempting to make high-risk stops is to attempt to stop prematurely.
3. Get close to the suspect’s vehicle. Let the suspect think that you have covered every possible escape route.
4. Don’t be afraid to quit. You are supposed to exemplify courage, but sometimes the bravest thing you can do is to know when to back out the pursuit.

TECHNIQUES IN TERMINATING APURSUIT

1. Boxing – this is done by literally surrounding the suspect’s vehicle with police cars and then slowing as group to a stop.
2. Channelizing – this is done by deliberately directing a vehicle into a given path or location such as unpaved roadway, dead-end, or a parking lot.
3. Ramming – is simply running into the other vehicle in a manner designed to force hi to stop.
4. Roadblocks – this is done by physically blocking the roadway using stationary objects such as barricades, patrol cars or semi-trucks.
5. Spikes – this is deployed ahead of a pursuit. As the suspect’s vehicle passes over the strip, the spikes penetrate the tires and flattened it.

MECHANICS OF ARREST

Basic concepts to keep in mindwhen making arrest:

1. Prevent problems before they happen. Taking control of the suspect from the first moment of encounter will help avoid assaults. Establish firm control by placing suspects where you want. Think ahead and keep control.
2. Always maintain your safety zone when contacting suspects.
3. Maintain situational alertness. You must keep your focus on the situation at hand, monitoring the suspect’s hands at all times, being aware of all other persons in your proximity.
4. Don’t over-commit. Never jump into a situation you are not sure you can handle on your own. If you’re going to arrest a large unruly suspect, wait until more officers arrive to help you.
5. Always use superior force. The suspect’s resistance will dictate what force you use. You must survive every attack, you must win every fight. To lose may mean death.
6. Take the suspect on the ground. It’s far safer for you to effect arrest, with a suspect on the ground.

Operational Guidelines for theconduct of Patrol

The following are the guidelinesnormally observe by the PNP in the conduct of patrolling not necessary underthe IPS:

1. Pre-patrol (Pre-deployment phase)

a. Fall-in-information in ranks

b. Roll-call-accounting of patrolelements by the patrol commander (PC)

c. Inspection of uniform,appearance & equipment by the PC

d. TI & E (Troop Informationand Education) and dissemination of instructions/orders by PC

e. Reading of assignment of PBsby Sarhento de Mesa or field duty officer (FDO)

f. Issuance of equipment toPatrol Officers

g. Report to higher headquartersby FDO

2. Deployment Phase

a. Report to SD by the PatrolOfficers (Patrollers)

b. Patrol Officers make patrolplan and follow patrol procedures

c. Adopt the buddy-buddy system

d. Make situation report or anhourly basis or upon reaching the end of their line beat.

e. Report all unusual incidents.

3. Post-Patrol (Post-deployment Phase)

a. Regrouping and formation

b. Accounting

c. Inspection

d. Debriefing/submission of dailypatrol report

e. Recall of equipment issued

f. Dismissal by the PatrolCommander

Who are the members of theAuxiliary Police?

1. Private Security Guards
2. Traffic Enforcers and Aides
3. Junior Police
4. Law Enforcement Services Cadets
5. Barangay Chairman and Tanods
6. Civilian Volunteer Organizations (CVOs) such as civilian volunteers.
7. Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) like Bantay Bayan